FRESHWATER FISHES
E. J. Crossman and E. Holm
TAXONOMY OF THE FISHES
General works which are useful in identifying the fishes of the Ecozone include Legendre (1953, 1954), Bailey (1951), Hubbs and Lagler (1964), Cross (1967), Scott and Crossman (1973), Trautman (1981), Becker (1983), Cooper (1983), Smith (1985), Page and Burr (1991) and Jenkins and Burkhead (1994). Several papers applicable to the identification of specific groups include Vladykov and Kott (1980) for lampreys (Petromyzontidae); Vladykov and Greeley (1963) for sturgeons (Acipenseridae); Suttkus (1963) for gars (Lepisosteidae); Hubbs and Cooper (1936), Legendre (1960), Gilbert (1964), Legendre (1970), Gruchy (1973), Holm and Coker (1981), Ferguson et al. (1981), Goddard et al. 1989, Crossman et al. (1988) and Crossman et al. (1992) for carps and minnows (Cyprinidae); Jenkins (1970), Crossman and Nepszy (1979) for suckers (Catostomidae); Taylor (1969), Paloumpis (1974a, 1974b) and Taylor (1969) for bullhead catfishes (Ictaluridae); Crossman (1962, 1969), Crossman and Buss (1965), and Casselman et al. (1989) for pikes (Esocidae); Clark (1973), Parsons and Todd (1974), Todd and Smith (1980), Todd et al. (1981) for whitefishes (Coregonus); Foerster and Pritchard (1935), Legendre (1949), Dahlberg and Phinney (1967), McPhail and Lindsey (1970), and Phillips (1977) for trouts and salmons (Salmoninae); McAllister (1961, 1964), Godkin et al. (1982), and Strauss (1986) for sculpins (Cottidae); Todd (1986) for temperate basses (Moronidae); Brown and Colgan (1982) for sunfishes (Centrarchidae); Cole (1967) and Chapleau and Pageau (1985) for darters (Percidae); and Jude et al. (1992) for the introduced gobies (Gobiidae). Most of these references are inadequate to identify larval or small juvenile fishes. Auer (1982) contains keys to the larval fishes of the Great Lakes but the keys and descriptions are not sufficient to identify some groups (minnows, suckers, sunfishes and darters) to species.